How do I include math symbols in titles?

You may need to use mathematical notation or symbols in section titles (but try to keep this to a minimum). To do this, wrap the notation in \texorpdfstring. This command takes two arguments:

1. the text to appear in the document;
2. the alternative text for the table of contents of the PDF file, where mathematics is not supported.

For example, the title “Approximating β and λ” will be input as:

\section{Approximating \texorpdfstring{$\beta$}{beta} and \texorpdfstring{$\lambda$}{lambda}}

or perhaps, using Unicode characters, as

\section{Approximating \texorpdfstring{$\beta$}{β} and \texorpdfstring{$\lambda$}{λ}}

Failure to wrap math symbols in \texorpdfstring may result in Token not allowed in a PDF string warnings or Improper alphabetic constant errors.